NAVAL SONAR - INDEX

INDEX
Absorption, 6,7 Acoustic mirror, 293 Acoustic synthesis, 319 Acoustics simulating in QFA-1 attack teacher, 311-314 beam pattern, forming of, 311 doppler effect, magnitude of, 312-313 doppler nullifiers, 313 echo frequency, 311-312 no-doppler target, 314 range attenuator, 312 submarine listening equipment, 311 submarine sonar attack, 313-314 Actuator motor, 215 Airborne noise, 59-60 Ambient noise: biological, 61-63 sea, 60-61 traffic, 61,63 Amplified noise, 59-60 over-all levels of, 61 Amplifier circuits, JT listening equipment, 246-249 Amplifiers: driver, 259 i-f, 163-165 power, 259 receiver, 256 r-f, 162 speech, 257 Analyzer, 264 dead-reckoning (DRA`, 216-217 mechanism, 234-235 Annual cycle, 36-37 dependence on geographic location, 41-42 AN/UQC-1, sonar communication set, 255-259 circuit, 256-259 audio oscillator, 256 carrier oscillator, 256 driver amplifier, 259 modulator, 257-258 power amplifier, 259 power supplies, 256 receiver amplifier, 256 speech amplifier, 257 description of, 255-256 AN/UQN-1B sonar sounding set, 278-280 AN/UQS-T1 sonar training set, 315-322 description of, 315-317 optical projector, 317 own ship simulator, 315 sonar target simulator, 315-317 transducer simulator, 317 operation, principles of, 317-322 acoustic synthesis, 319 bearing determination, 318		AN/UQS-T1 sonar training set-Continued operation, principles of-Continued dome baffle, 321 echo timing, 320 frequency-control system, 319 horizontal-range determination, 318-319 MCC operation, 321 optical operation, 321-322 propeller sounds, 320-321 reverberation synthesis, 320 searchlight sonar, adaptation to, 322 ship motion, 317-318 slant range determination, 319 target depression-angle solution, 319 target echo-frequency control, 319 target motion, 318 targets, additional, 322 transducer signals, production of, 320 water noise, 321 Attack plotter, 213,217-226 operation of, 218-226 blanking and brightening, 223 echo channel, 223 own ship's spot, 220-221 predictor, 222-223 relays A and B, 223-226 sound sweep, 221-222 principles of, 217-218 Attenuation, 6 Attenuation coefficient, 7 Audio amplifier and limiter, 154-155 Audio channel, 152 Audio gain control, 134 Audio oscillator, 256 Automatic volume controls (AVC), 120 Axial source level, 5 Azimuth control unit, 254 Background noise, 59-61 sources of: airborne noise, 59-60 ambient noise, 60 amplified noise, 59-60 circuit noise, 60 Barrage timing, 236-237 Bathythermograms, 10 Bathythermograph, 10 Beam pattern, 5 forming of, 311 Bearing determination, 318 Bearing deviation, 107 Bearing-deviation indication, 110-111 Bearing deviation indicator, (BDI), 56,159 standard, 111
325
Bearing indicator, 78 Bendix log, 214-216 Binaural effect, 56 Biological noise: croaker, 61,62 miscellaneous, 61 shrimp, 61,62 Blanking and brightening, 223 Bombs, sofar, 284 requirements of, 284 Bottom reverberation, 28-31 British Asdic, 82 Cable-connected hydrophones, 290-291 Cavitation, 254-255 Chart drive, 228 Circuit noise, sources of: hum, 60 thermal agitation of electrons, 60 tube noise, 60 vibration of tube elements, 60 Circuits: audio, 172 BDI, 310 DDI threshold, 169-170 doppler-nullifier, 154-157 audio amplifier and limiter, 154-155 discriminator, 155-156 own-doppler-nullifier, 156-157 target-doppler-nullifier, 157 filter, 289 keying control, 177-178 limiter, 289 modulator and phase shift, 162-163 phase-shifter and buffer, 165 RCG, 171-172 RCG and TVG, 152-153 RLI, 310 Comparison servo system, 200-201 Computer Mk 59,192 Computer, stabilization: functions of, 193 Computer system, roll and pitch, 190 Computer units, 192 Conjugate detector, 167-169 Convective overturn, 35 Converter gain control, 134 Coordinate motors, 306 Critical bands, 71 Crossing the target, 107 Currents: drift, 41 internal waves, 41 permanent, 41 surface, divergence and convergence of, 41 tidal, 41 DDI threshold circuit, 169-170 Dead-reckoning analyzer (DRA), 213		Dead-reckoning systems, 216-217 components of: analyzer (DRA), 213,216-217 tracer (DRT), 213,216,217 functions of, 216 Dead-reckoning tracer (DRT), 213 Decibel: definition of, 3 system, 3 Deep scale, 271 Density of sea water, 33 Depth determination, 121 refraction error, 121 Depth-determining equipment, 141-148 model QDA, 141-148 computed target depression, 142-143 horizontal range, 142-143 keying and controlling records, 141-142 sound beam, correction for bending, 143 tilt-order synchro circuit, 143-144 transceiving system, 145-146 transducer, 146-147 transmitter, 147 sonar installations, 148 Depth-determining recorder, 238-239 Depth deviation indicator (DDI), 158 Depth finder: components of, 269-270 requirements, 269 units of, 269 Detection probability, 103 Diffraction, 15 Diffused reflection, 7 Directional-sensitivity circuits, 131,136-141,149 beam pattern formation and rotation, 163 lag-line phasing and shading, 136-139 scanning switches, 140-141 Directional transmission, 5 Directivity, 5-6,86-90 function, 5 index, 91-92 influence, 5-6 patterns, 6, 86-90 Discriminator circuits, 155-156,289-290 filter, 289 limiter, 289 Diurnal cycle, 37-38 dependence on geographical location, 42 Dome baffle, 321 Doppler effect, 99-100, 268 application to echo ranging, 57-58 definition of, 56-57 magnitude of, 312-313 Doppler-nullifier circuits, 154-157 audio amplifier limiter, 154-155 discriminator, 155-156 own-doppler-nullifier, 156-157 target-doppler-nullifier, 157 Doppler-nullifier gain control, 134 Doppler nullifiers, 313 Doppler range error, 118-119
326
Dual single-axis stabilization system, 190-191 Dual speed positioning servo system, 202-205 Echo channel, 223 Echo, definition of, 17 Echo duration, 117-118 Echo formation, 17 Echo frequency, 311-312 Echo ranging, 57-58 signals used in, 76-77 Echo-ranging equipment, essentials of, 76-101 basic components, 76-77 range indicator, 78-79 receiver-amplifier, 77-78 receiver sensitivity and background noise, 95-100 sonar location, 100-101 training device and bearing indicator, 78 transducers, 79-95 Echo-ranging equipment, surface-ships, 123-148 depth-determining equipment, 141-148 model QDA, 141-148 computed target depression, 142-143 horizontal range, 142-143 keying and controlling recorders, 141-142 sound beam, correction for bending, 143 tilt-order synchro circuit, 143-144 transceiving system, 145-146 transducer, 146-147 transmitter, 147 sonar installations, 148 model QCB, 123-127 model QGA, 128 model QJB, 127-128 scanning sonar equipment, 128-141 model QHB-a, 128-141 components, description of: receiver-transmitter unit, 134-135 remote indicator, 135 scanning switch assembly, 132-134 sonar indicator control, 135 transducer, 131-132 directional sensitivity circuits, 136-141 beam-pattern formation and rotation, 137 lag-line phasing and shading, 137-139 scanning switches, 140 system line-up, 128-131 transmit-receive switching, 135-136 Echo-ranging systems basic components, 76-77 signal used in, 76-77 signal frequency, 76-77 transmitter, 76 Echo-reverberation ratio, 119-120 Echo-sounding equipment, 269-280 AN/INN-1B sonar sounding set, 278-280 echo-sounding problem, 269-270 depth-finder components, 269-270 depth-finder requirements, 269 units of, 269 NJ-9 sonar sounding equipment, 274-275 projector and hydrophone, 275		Echo-sounding equipment-Continued NJ-9 sonar sounding equipment-Continued receiver-amplifier, 275 transmitter-rectifier unit, 274-275 NK-7 sonar sounding equipment, 275-278 recorder, 275-277 reception of signal, 277 transmission of signal, 277 vibrapacks, 277-278 NMC-2 sonar sounding equipment, 271-274 indicator-recorder-amplifier unit, 271-274 indicator, 271-273 receiver-amplifier, 273 recorder, 273 rectifier power unit, 274 transducer, 271 transducer junction box, 274 transmitter and rectifier, 271 Echo-sounding problem, 269-270 depth finder: components of, 269-270 requirements, 269 units of, 269 Echo-sounding recorder, 240 ranges of: deep, 240 shoal, 240 Echo timing, 320 Effective back radiation 39 Energy density, 2 Energy spectrum, 97 Envelope filter, 170-171 Evaporation, 39 Fading, 70 Fairing, use on hull to reduce self-noise, 101 Fly-back contacts, 230-231 F-m sonar, parameters of, 116-119 Forward scattering, 31 Free gyro, properties of, 186-187 Frequency consideration in listening, 71-75 sonic listening, 71-72 ultrasonic listening, 72-73 Frequency, definition of, 2 Geographical variations, 41-42 annual cycle effect on, 41-42 diurnal cycle effect, 42 Gyros, 186-188 Harbor defense, 288-293 cable-connected hydrophone system, 290-291 heralds, 293 QBH, 293 hydrophone assemblies 290-291 radio sonobuoys 291-293 JM-4,291-293 description of, 291-292 function of, 291-292 magnetic loop stations 289-290
327
Harbor defense-Continued magnetic loop stations-Continued discriminator, 289-290 filter circuit, 289 limiter, circuit, 289 multiturn loops, 290 QAA demolition-team sonar, 295-298 circuits, 295-298 description of, 295 submarine cables, 293-294 types of: herald, 294 hydrophone, 294 magnetic loop, 204 submarine detection by aircraft, 299-302 AN/CRT-1A radio sonobuoy, 299-302 magnetic airborne detector, 302 underwater detection, 288-289 system: heralds, 289 magnetic loops 288-289 radio sonobuoys, 289 tactics of, 289 Hearing: theory of, 52-53 threshold of, 54 Heralds, 293 QBH, 293 Hoist-train mechanism, 264 Horizontal range, 309 determination, 318-319 Human ear, 52-56 numerical data concerning, 53-54 theory of hearing, 52-53 Hydrophone, 73, 242, 243, 253-254 assemblies, 290-291 cable-connected, 290-291 definition of, 79 I-f band width-doppler, 164-165 Images and their motion, 304-308 mirror-drive motor, 306-307 optical system, 305 tactical considerations, 307 the "ocean," 304-305 watt-hour meter motor, 305-306 Indicator-recorder-amplifier unit, 271-274 Indicator sweep, bearing of, 266 Integrated sonar system, 122, 192-193 Integrator (or rate servo system), 205-207 Intensity of scattered sound, 17-19 Intensity of sound waves, 2-3 decibel system, 3 Interference effects, 5 Inverse square law, 3-5 Isothermal layer, 10, 13 JM-4 radio sonobuoy, 291-293 description of, 292-293 function of, 291-292		JP listening equipment, 241-243 description of, 241-243 hydrophone, 242 receiver, 242-243 JT listening equipment, 243-249 components, 243-245 block diagram, 243-245 hydrophone, 245 training of, 245 RLI operation, 245-249 amplifier circuit, 246-249 sum and difference inputs, 245-246 ultrasonic listening, 249 Keying methods, QHB, 177-183 cathode-ray tube blanking pulses, 181-182 deflection-transfer keying of cathode-ray tube, 181 external keying, 182-183 keying control circuits, 177-178 functions of, 177 primary keying pulse, 178-181 Layer effect, 15 Level and cross-level receiver system, 189-190 roll and pitch computer system, 190 Limiting ray, refraction, 12 Listening, 58-59 frequency considerations in, 71-73 sonic, 71-72 ultrasonic, 72-73 Listening system: components of: bearing indicator, 58 electronic receiver, 58 hydrophone, 58 speaker or headphones, 58 Lobes, 6 Magnetic airborne detector, 302 Magnetic clutch control, 228-229 Magnetic-loop stations, 289-290 Magnetostriction effect,79-SO Magnetostriction sound sources, 80-81 Maintenance of close contact (MCC), 121, 132 Maintenance-of-true-hearing (MTB), 123 Masking, 54-55 Master speed indicator, 214 MCC operation, 321 Mirror-drive motors, 306-307 Mixing processes: convective overturn, 40 effect of rotation of earth, 40-41 mechanical mixing, 40 Mk 5 plotting system, 226-227 parts of: Mk 5 plotter, 226 Mk 63 control panel, 226 Mks 55 or 75 computer, 226 Negative gradient, 10 Network, sofar, 286-287
328
NJ-9 sonar sounding equipment, 274-275 projector and hydrophone, 275 receiver-amplifier, 275 transmitter-rectifier unit, 274-275 NK-7 sonar sounding equipment, 275-278 recorder, 275-277 reception of signal, 277 transmission of signal, 277 vibrapacks, 277-278 NMC-2 sonar sounding equipment, 271-274 indicator-recorder-amplifier unit, 271-274 indicator, 271-273 receiver-amplifier, 273 recorder, 273 rectifier power unit, 274 transducer, 271 transducer junction box, 274 transmitter and rectifier, 271 Noise: airborne, 59-60 ambient, 60-63 amplified, 59-60 background, 59-61 biological, 61-63 sea, 60-61 traffic, 61, 63 Ocean temperature gradients, annual cycle of, 34 OKA-1 relation to sonar systems, 207-212 OMA-1 sonar resolving equipment, 196-207 OMA cavitation indicator (CI), 254-255 OMA noise-level monitor (NLM), 254-255 Oscillators: audio, 256 beat-frequency, 153-154 carrier, 256 frequency-modulated, 263 omnicontrol, 152 Own doppler nullifier (ODY), 99, 100 circuit, 156-157 Own ship simulator, 315 Parameters of f-in sonar, 116-119 Period, definition of, 2 Phase opposition, 2 Phase relations, 2 Piezoelectric effect, 81-83 Ping, definition of, 19 Ping length, 19 Pitometer log, 213-214 control unit, 214 rotary distance transmitter, 214 sea valve and rodmeter, 214 types of: mercury magnometer log, 213 rotary balance log, 213-214 Plan-position indicators, 113-114 Plotting equipment, 213-227 attack plotter, 217-226 operation of, 218-226 principles of, 217-218		Plotting equipment-Continued Bendix log, 214-216 dead-reckoning systems, 216-217 components of: analyzer (DRA), 216-217 tracer (DRT), 216, 217 functions of, 216 Mk 5 plotting system, 226-227 pitometer log, 213-214 Plotting System Mk 5, 226-227 parts of: Mk 5 plotter, 226 Mk 63 control panel, 226 Mks 55 or 75 computer, 226 Positive gradient, 10 Power spectrum, 97 Precession, 187 Predictor, 222-223 Predictor-bearing dial, 218 Primary keying pulse, 178-181 Propeller sounds, 320-321 cavitation, 64 singing, 64 Psychological characteristics of sound, 55-56 QAA demolition-team sonar, 295-298 circuit, 295-298 description of, 295 QBH herald, 293 block diagram of, 295 QDA depth-determining equipment, 141-148 description, general, 141 parts of, 141-148 QFA-6 attack teacher, 303-314 acoustics, simulating, 311-314 beam pattern, forming the, 311 doppler effect, magnitude of, 312-313 doppler nullifier, 313 echo frequency, 311-312 no-doppler target, 314 range attenuator, 312 reverberation, 312 submarine listening equipment, 311 submarine sonar stack, 313-314 components of, 303, 304 description of, 303-304 images and their motion, 304-308 mirror-drive motors, 306-307 optical system, 305 tactical considerations, 307-308 the "ocean", 304-305 watt-hour meter motor, 305-306 RLI and BDI, simulating, 310-311 sonar sound beam, simulating the, 308-310 active area, 308-309 slant range, 309 sound-beam training control, 309-310 QGA searchlight sonar system, 128 block diagram of, 128 QOB sonar equipment, 123-127 components of, 123
329
QGB sonar equipment-Continued cycle of operation, 125 transmitter power amplifier, 173-175 QHB transmitter, 175-176 QHB-a scanning sonar equipment, 128-141 components, description of: receiver-transmitter unit, 134-135 remote indicator, 135 scanning-switch assembly, 132-134 sonar indicator control, 135 directional sensitivity circuits, 136-141 operational controls: audio gain control, 134 converter gain control, 134 doppler-nullifier gain control, 134 target-doppler nullification on-off switch, 134 system line-up, 128-131 transmit-receive switching, 135-136 QHB-1 capacitive-scanning sonar equipment, 263 QHB-1 receiving system, 149-151 QJB searchlight sonar equipment, 127-128 QLA f-m scanning sonar equipment, 263-268 description of, 263-264 doppler effect, 268 major units: analyzer, 264 driver, 263-264 frequency-modulated oscillator, 263 hoist-train mechanism, 264 indicator, 264 receiver, 264 sound head, 264 principles of operation, 264-268 bearing of indicator sweep, 266 maximum scanning rate, 266-268 range measurement, 266 range scale, 266 Radiation: effective back, 39 function, facts about, 86 incoming, 38-39 Radio sonobuoys: AN/CRT-1A, 299-302 JM-4,291-293 description of, 292-293 function of, 291-292 Range and bearing indication, 117 Range indicator, 78-79 Range-rate plot, 235 Rate servo system (or integrator), 205-207 Rayleigh's law of scattering, 16 Ray diagrams, typical, 11-15 isothermal layer and thermocline, 13 marked downward refraction, 11-12 Ray divergence, 14-15 Ray theory, inadequacy of, 15-16 RCG circuit, 171-172 and TVG circuit, 152,153 Receiver-amplifier, 74,77-78,256		Receiver sensitivity and background noise, 95-100 reception, 95-96 response: curves, 96-97 of amplifiers, 97 of band filters to short pings, 98-99 of transducers, 96 sharply tuned receivers, limitations on use, 99-100 doppler effect, 99-100 own doppler nullifier, 100 reverberation, 100 spectrum level, 97-98 energy, of a pulse, 97 power, of noise, 97-98 Recorder: depth-determining, 238-239 echo-sounding, 240 sound range, 237-238 tactical range, 228-237 Refraction: definition of, 8 downward, 11-12 error, 121 of sound, 8-16 Snell's law of, 11 Resonant receiver, 52 Reverberation, 16,100,312 bottom, 28-31 indices, 22 in nonideal conditions, 22-23 level, 22 oscillator, 314 surface, 25-26 synthesis, 320 theory of, 19-22 volume, 26-28 with horizontally directed beam, 24-25 Reverberation-control of gain (RCG), 120 Rigidity of plane, 187 RLI and BDI, simulating, 310-311 RLI operation, 245-249 amplifier circuits, 246-249 sum and difference inputs, 245-246 Rochelle salt and ADP transducers, 83 Rodmeter, 214 Roll and pitch computer system, 190 Rotary-balance log: parts of: control unit, 213,214 indicators, 213,214 rotary distance transmitter, 213,214 sea valve and rodmeter, 213,214 Rotary distance transmitter: parts of: distance-transmitting unit, 214 follow-up motor, 214 motor-driven transtat (variac), 214 pump, 214 pump-drive motor, 214
330
Scanning sonar: f-m, 115-119 pulse-type, 112-113 rotating-type, 114-115 Scanning sonar equipment, 128-141 model QHB-a, 128-141 components, description of: receiver-transmitter unit, 134-135 remote indicator, 135 scanning-switch assembly, 132-134 sonar indicator control, 135 transducers, 131-132 directional sensitivity circuits, 136-141 beam-pattern formation and rotation, 137 lag-line phasing and shading, 137-139 scanning switches, 140-141 system line-up, 128-131 transmit-receive switching, 135-136 Scanning-switch assembly, 132-134 Scattered sound, intensity of, 17-19 Scattering, 6,7 forward, 31 Rayleigh's law of, 16 reflection and, 16-31 Searchlight sonar, adaptation to, 322 Search operations, 102-103 detection, probability of, 103-106 effects of motion, 104-106 single ping, 103 successive pings, 104 missions of: hunt, 102 location, 102 screen, 102 Sea valve, 214 Sea water: density of, 33 stratification of ocean, 33 thermal structure and stability, 33 transmission of sound in, 32-51 Sector-scan indicators, 114-115 Self noises: Circuit, 60 hydrophone motion, 60 own ship, 60 Separator, 219-220 Servo electronic control amplifier, 254 Servo mechanism, 74 Servo systems, 199-207 classes of: comparison, 199,200-201 dual-speed positioning, 199,202-205 rate or integrator, 199,205-207 single-speed positioning, 199,201-202 servomotors, 199-200 Sharply tuned receivers, limitations on use, 99-100 Ship motion, 317-318 Shoal-deep switch, 271 Shoal scale, 271 Signal amplifier circuit, 232-233		Signal splitter, 310 Signals, Sofar, Mk 22 Mods 0 and 1,284-286 description of, 285-286 Signature, definition of, 290 Single-speed positioning servo system, 201-202 Slant range, 309 Slant-range determination, 319 Snell's law of refraction, 11 Sofar: applications of, 287 bombs, 284 factors affecting use of, 281-282 network, 286-287 position determination, 282-284 principles of, 281-284 Signals Mk 22 Mods 0 and 1,284-286 Sonar communication set AN/UQC-1, 255-259 circuit, 256-259 audio oscillator, 256 carrier oscillator, 256 driver amplifier, 259 modulator, 257-258 power amplifier, 259 power supplies, 256 receiver amplifier, 256 speech amplifier, 257 description, 255-256 Sonar indicator control, 135 Sonar installations, 148 Sonar listening systems, 73-75 sonic, 73-74 headphones and speaker, 74 hydrophone, 73 receiver-amplifier, 74 training unit, 74 ultrasonic, 75 Sonar location, 100-101 Sonar receivers, 149-172 conventional superheterodyne, 149-157 audio channel, 152 beat-frequency oscillator, 153-154 doppler-nullifier circuits, 154-157 audio amplifier and limiter, 154-155 discriminator, 155-156 own-doppler-nullifier, 156-157 target-doppler-nullifier, 157 RCG and TVG circuits, 152-153 unicontrol oscillator, 153 video channel, 151-152 sum-and-difference, 157-172 audio circuit, 172 conjugate detector, 165-169 DDI threshold circuit, 169 envelope filter, 170-171 i-f amplifiers, 163-165 modulator and phase-shift circuit, 162-163 phase-shifter and buffer circuits, 165 RCG circuits, 171-172 r-f amplifiers, 162 up-down deflection, 157-162
331
Sonar resolving equipment, 196-212 model OKA-1, 196-207 servo systems, 199-207 theory of sound, as applied to, 196-199 OKA-1 relation to sonar systems, 207-212 Sonar scanning: f-m, 115-119 pulse-type, 112-113 rotating-type, 114-115 Sonar sound beam, 308-310 active area, 308-309 slant range, 309 sound-beam training control, 309-310 Sonar sounding equipment: AN/UQN-1B, 278-280 NJ-9, 274-275 NK-7, 275-278 NMC-2, 271-274 Sonar systems: harbor defense, 288-293 QAA demolition-team, 295-298 sofar, 281-287 submarine cables, 293-294 submarine detection by aircraft, 299-302 Sonar systems, general requirements of, 100-122 close contacts, maintenance of, 121 depth determination, 121 refraction error, 121 gain, variation of, 120 integrated sonar system, 122 operational planning, 102-106 search operations, 102-106 scanning sonar, 112-119 f-m, 115-119 parameters of, 116-119 plan-position indicators, 113-114 pulse-type, 112-113 rotating-type, 114-115 sector-scan indicators, 114-115 small objects, location of, 119-120 echo-reverberation ratio, 119-120 target bearing, 106-111 bearing deviation, 107 crossing the target, 107 maintaining contact, 106-107 split transducers, 107-111 bearing-deviation indication, 110-111 standard bearing-deviation indicator, 111 Sonar system, integrated, 122,192-193 Sonar target simulator, 315-317 Sonar training equipment, 303-322 AN/UQS-T1 sonar training set, 315-322 description of, 315-317 optical projector, 317 own ship simulator, 315 sonar target simulator, 315-317 transducer simulator, 317 operation, principles of, 317-322 acoustic synthesis, 319		Sonar training equipment-Continued AN/UQS-T1 sonar training set-Continued operation-Continued bearing determination, 318 dome baffle, 321 echo timing, 320 frequency-control system, 319 horizontal-range determination, 318-319 MCC operation, 321 optical projector, 321-322 propeller sounds, 320-321 reverberation synthesis, 320 searchlight sonar, adaptation to, 322 ship motion, 317-318 slant range determination, 319 target depression-angle solution, 319 target echo-frequency control, 319 target motion, 318 targets, additional, 322 transducer signals, production of, 320 water noise, 321 QFA-6 attack teacher, 303-314 acoustics, simulating, 311-314 beam pattern, forming the, 311 doppler effects, magnitude of, 312-313 doppler nullifiers, 313 echo frequency, 311-312 no-doppler target, 314 range attenuator, 312 reverberation, 312 submarine listening equipment, 311 submarine sonar stack, 313-314 components of, 303,304 description of, 303-304 images and their motion, 304-308 mirror-drive motors, 306-307 optical system, 305 tactical considerations, 307-308 the "ocean", 304-305 watt-hour meter motor, 305-306 RLI and BDI, simulating, 310-311 sonar sound beam, simulating the, 308-310 active area, 308-309 slant range, 309 sound-beam training control, 309-310 Sonar transmitters, 173-184 keying methods, 177-183 cathode-ray tube blanking pulses, 181-182 deflection-transfer keying of cathode-ray tube, 181 external keying, 182-183 keying control circuits, 177-178 primary keying pulses, 181 transmitter keying pulse, 181 QGB power amplifier, 173-175 QHB, 175-176 transmission circuits, 183 unicontrol oscillator system, 183-184 Sonic listening, 71-72
332
Sonic listening system, 73-74 headphones and speaker, 74 hydrophone, 73 receiver-amplifier, 74 training unit, 74 Sound: and pressure waves, 1-2 characteristics: in an ideal medium, 1-3 psychological, 55-56 produced by objects in sea, 61-70 propagation of: in an ideal medium, 3-7 in water containing bubbles, 47 reception and detection by listening, 52-75 reflection and scattering of, 16-31 refraction of, 8-16 scattering and absorption in wakes, 47 scattering by reflection, 7 theory of, as applied to OKA-1, 196-199 transmission of in sea water, 32-51 transmission of through wakes of surface vessels, 48 velocity of in sea water, 8-11 waves, intensity of, 2-3 Sound and pressure waves, 1-2 Sound-beam training control, 309-310 Sound channel, 13,281 Sound head, 264 Sound range and depth recorders, 228-240 depth-determining recorder, 238-239 echo-sounding recorder, 240 sound-range recorder, 237-238 tactical range recorder, 228-237 analyzer mechanism, 234-235 barrage timing, 236-237 basic features, 228 chart drive, 228 fly-back contact, 230-231 magnetic clutch control, 228-229 purpose of, 228 range-rate plot, 235 signal amplifier circuit, 232-233 speed-changing mechanism, 233 stylus action, 231-232 Sound-range recorder, 237-238 Sound reception and detection by listening: doppler effect: application to echo ranging, 57-58 definition of, 56-57 ear in underwater detection: background noise, 59-61 listening, 58-59 sounds produced by objects in sea: biological noise, 61-63 submarines, 63-67 surface ships, 67-70 frequency considerations in listening, 71-73 sonic listening, 71-72 ultrasonic listening, 72-73		Sound reception and detection by listening-Continued human ear: masking, 54-55 numerical data concerning, 53-54 psychological characteristics of sound, 55-56 theory of hearing, 52-53 threshold of hearing, 54 sonar listening systems, 73-75 sonic: headphones and speaker, 74 hydrophone, 73 receiver-amplifier, 74 training unit, 74 ultrasonic, 75 time patterns and propeller heats, 70-71 Sound sweep, 221-222 Sound waves, intensity of, 2-3 Spectrum level: energy, of a pulse, 97-98 power, of noise, 97 Specular reflection 7 Speed-changing mechanism, 233 Stability, 33 Stabilization, 185-195 computer units, 192 dual single-axis system, 190-191 integrated sonar system, 192-193 level and cross-level receiver system, 189-190 roll and pitch computer system, 190 problem, 185-186 stable element: construction, 189 fundamentals of, 186-188 apparent rotation, 187 compensation, 188 effect of friction, 187-188 effect of latitude, 188 free gyro, properties of, 186-187 precession, 187 rigidity of plane, 187 uses of, 189 tangent solver, 193-195 three-axis system, 191-192 Stable element: construction, 189 fundamentals of: apparent rotation, 187 compensation, 188 effect of friction, 187-188 effect of latitude, 188 free gyro, properties of, 186-187 precession, 187 rigidity of plane, 187 systems, follow-up: cross-level, 189-190 level, 189-190 train, 189 uses of, 189 Stimulus, 1,52
333
Stratification: laboratory experiments on, 33-35 of ocean, 33 Stylus action, 231-232 Submarine cables, 293-294 Submarine detection by aircraft, 299-302 AN/CRT-1A radio sonobuoy, 299-302 magnetic airborne detector, 302 Submarine listening equipment, 241-259,311 model JP, 241-243 hydrophone, 242 receiver, 242-243 model JT, 243-249 block diagram, 243-245 hydrophone, 245 OMA noise-level monitor and cavitation indicator, 254-255 RLI operation, 245-249 amplifier circuit, 246-249 sum and difference inputs, 245-246 ultrasonic listening, 249 training of, 245 sonar communication set AN/UQC-1, 255-259 circuit, 256-259 audio oscillator, 256 carrier oscillator, 256 driver amplifier, 259 modulator, 257-259 power amplifier, 259 power supplies, 256 receiver amplifier, 256 speech amplifier, 257 triangulation-listening-ranging, 250-254 description of, 253-254 control stack, 254 hydrophones, 253-254 Submarine sonar equipment, 260-268 QHB-1 capacitive scanning, 263 QLA f-m scanning, 263-268 description of, 263-264 doppler effect, 268 major units: analyzer, 264 driver, 263-264 frequency-modulated oscillator, 263 hoist-train mechanism, 264 indicator, 264 receiver, 264 sound head, 264 principles of operation, 264-268 bearing of indicator sweep, 266 maximum scanning rate, 266-268 range measurement, 266 range scale, 266 WCA, 260-262 WFA-1, 262-263 Submarine sonar stack, 313-314 Submarines, sound output of, 63-67 over-all source level, 65 propeller sounds, 64-65		Submarines-Continued sources of, 64-65 Sum and difference inputs, 245-246 Sum-and-difference receiving system, 157-172 audio circuit, 172 conjugate detector, 167-169 DDI threshold circuit, 169-170 envelope filter, 170-171 i-f amplifiers, 163-165 i-f bandwidth-doppler, 164-165 modulator and phase-shift circuit, 162 phase-shifter and buffer circuits, 165 RCG circuit, 171-172 r-f amplifier, 162 up-down deflection, 157-162 Supersonic converter, 243 Surface reverberation. 25-26 Surface-ship echo-ranging equipment, 123-148 depth-determining, 141-148 model QDA, 141-148 computed target depression, 142-143 horizontal range, 142-143 keying and controlling recorders, 141-142 sound beam, correction for bending, 143 tilt-order synchro circuit, 143-144 transceiving system, 145-146 transducer, 146-147 transmitter, 147 sonar installations, 148 model QCB, 123-127 model QGA, 128 model QJB, 127-128 scanning sonar. 128-141 model QHB-a, 128-141 components, description of: receiver-transmitter unit, 134-135 remote indicator, 135 scanning switch assembly, 132-134 sonar indicator control, 135 transducer, 131-132 directional sensitivity circuits, 136-141 beam-pattern formation and rotation, 137 lag-line phasing and shading, 137-139 scanning switches, 140 system line-up, 128-131 transmit-receive switching, 135-136 Surface ships: sound output of, 67-70 spectra of, 68-69 Tactical range recorder, 228-237 analyzer mechanism, 234-235 barrage timing, 236-237 basic features, 228 chart drive, 228 fly-back contacts, 230-231 magnetic clutch control, 228-229 purpose of, 228 range-rate plot, 235 signal amplifier circuit, 232-233
334
Tactical range recorder-Continued speed-changing mechanism, 233 stylus action, 231 Tangent solver, 193-194 Target area, 17 Target bearing, 106-111 bearing deviation, 107 crossing the target, 107 maintaining contact, 106-107 split transducers, 107-111 Target depression angle solution, 319 Target doppler: nullification gain control 134 nullifier (TDN), 99 nullifier circuit, 157 Target echo-frequency control, 319 Target motion, 318 Temperature distribution in sea: analysis of processes, 38-41 currents, 41 heating and cooling, 35,38-39 mixing processes, 35-36,40-41 annual cycle, 36-37 diurnal cycle, 37-38 thermal structure at great depths, 36 Temperature gradients: changes in, 32 conditions for, 42 cooling, 35 flowing, 36 heating, 35 mixing, 35-36 Thermal structure and stability, 33 Thermal structure at great depths, 36 Thermocline, 11,13,196 Three-axis stabilization system, 191-192 Threshold control, 159 Threshold of hearing, 54 Tilt-order synchro circuit, 143-144 Time-base selector, 226 Time patterns and propeller beats, 70-71 perception of, 70 single-frequency components, 70-71 audibility, 70-71 time patterns, 71 Time variation of gain (TVG), 120 Tracer, dead-reckoning, (DRT), 216,217 Train length, 19 Training device methods of operation: amplidyne system, 78 thyratron system, 78 Training unit, 74 Transducers, 131-132,146-147,271 definition of, 79 directivity, 83-92 effect of domes, 95 efficiency and response of, 93 heading, 107 junction box, 274 location, selection of, 101		Transducers-Continued mechanical impedance of, 92 response of, 96 signals, production of, 320 simulator, 317 sound output, 93-94 split, 107-111 standard, characteristics of, 93 ultrasonic sound sources, 79-83 Transmission anomaly, 6-7 Transmission circuits, 183 Transmission loss, 6 Transmission of sound in sea water, 38-51 Transmitter, 76 Triangulation-listening-ranging equipment, 253-254 Ultrasonic frequencies, 2 Ultrasonic listening, 72-73,75,249 Ultrasonic sound sources, 79-83 magnetostriction: effect, 79-SO sound sources, 80-81 piezoelectric effect, 81-83 Rochelle salt and ADP transducers, 83 Underwater detection of sound, 58-70 background noise, 59-61 listening, 58-59 sounds produced by objects in sea: biological noise, 61-63 submarines, 63-67 surface ships, 67-70 Underwater log, 213-216 Bendix, 214-216 pitometer, 213-214 Underwater sound: characteristics of in ideal medium, 1-3 principles of, 1-31 propagation in an ideal medium, 3-7 reflection and scattering, 16-31 refraction of, 8-16 Unicontrol oscillator, 153 system of, 183-184 Unicontrol system, 149-151 Up-down deflection, 157-162 Velocity of sound in sea water, 8-11 horizontal and vertical changes, 9-11 Vibrapacks, 277-278 Video channel, 151-152 Volume reverberation, 26-28 Volume-scattering coefficient, 22 Wakes, 42-51 Water noise, 321 Wavelength, 2 Wave motion, equation of, 2 Waves, internal, 41 Waves, sound, intensity of, 2-3 WCA sonar equipment, 260-262 WFA-1 sonar equipment, 262-263
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