Accumulator, in power generating system, 42, 43-49, Figs. 3-4 to 3-9.

Acid, undesirability of, as a hydraulic fluid, 10.

Actuating units for bow planes, Electric Boat Company submarines, 128.

Advantages of hydraulic power, 1-2.

After, and forward, service lines, 71-79, Fig. 3-37.

Air loaded relief valve, 48-49.

Air packing for accumulator, 44, Fig. 3-7.

Angle-box, 23, 39, Fig. 2-14.

Antenna hoist, vertical, 69-70. Fig. 3-23.

Assembly of connecting rods, in Waterbury speed gear, 28-29.

Automatic switches and contact makers, 47, Fig. 3-10.

Automobile hydraulic-brake system, 8, Fig. 1-13.

Auxiliary steering wheel, 80, 93-94, 104.

Axial and radial thrust roller bearings: care of, 131; removal of, 38, Fig. 2-30.

Axial thrust, elimination of, in IMO pump, 18-19.

B-end motor, Waterbury, 21, 23-24, 33-40, Figs. 2-7, 2-13, 2-14; in bow plane system, 119, Fig. 5-22; overhaul of, 35-40, 131, Figs. 2-23 to 2-32.

Balancing connection, of IMO pump, 19, Fig. 2-4.

Ballast tanks, 57.

Barrel, cylinder, of Waterbury speed gear, 27, Fig. 2-15; reassembly of, to shaft and socket ring, 39; removal of shaft from, 36-37, Fig. 2-15.

Basic principles of hydraulic pumps, 8-10, Fig. 1-14.

Bearings, radial and axial thrust: care of, 131; removal of 38, Fig. 2-30.

Behavior of liquids: confined, 5-8, 1-9; unconfined, 2-5.

Bolts, adjustment of, in IMO pump, 131.

Bow buoyancy tank, 57; valves for, 58, 59.

Bow and stern plane systems, 105-130, Figs. 5-2, 5-10, 5-11, 5-19, 5-20, 5-23, 5-24, 7-3; venting of, 133.

Brake, hydraulic, on automobile, 8, Fig. 1-13.

Buoyancy, tanks for effecting, 57.

Bypass and nonreturn valves on power generating system, 52-54, Figs. 3-16 to 3-18.

Bypass valve, principle of, 15, Fig. 1-23.

C-type (chevron) packing: for accumulator, in power generating system, 44; for ram, in steering system, 94, Figs. 4-19, 4-20.

Case, of Waterbury speed gear, 24-25; assembly of A-end revolving group to, 40; assembly of B-end shaft group and angle-box to, 39; removal of, 36, Fig, 2-26.

Causes of troubles and remedies: main hydraulic system, 133-136; steering system, 136-137.

Centering spring, 83-84, Fig. 4-3.

Change-and-control valve, bow plane system, 123, Fig. 5-21.

Change valve: on diving stand, 108, Fig. 5-5; in steering system, 90-92, Figs. 4-11 to 4-13.

Characteristics of power systems, table of, 2.

Check valve, on simple hydraulic system, 11, 12, Fig. 1-19.

Chevron (C-type) packing: for accumulator, in power generating system, 44; for ram, in steering system, 94, Figs, 4-19, 4-20.

CLOSE position: of exhaust valve, 72-73, Fig. 3-39; of flood valve operating gear, 64-65, Fig. 3-31; of vent control valve, 59, 66.

Clutch: bow plane system, 123-134; steering system, 93-94, Figs. 4-15, 4-17.

Confined liquids, behavior of, 5-8, Fig. 1-9.

Connecting rods, assembling of, in Waterbury speed gear, 28-29, 38-39.

Conning tower, steering from, 80, 93-94, 104.

Contact makers in power generating system, 47, 57, Fig. 3-10.

Control cylinder: steering system, 80, 82-84, Fig. 4-2; stern plane, 110-111, Fig. 5-7.

Control lever, telemotor pump, 89-90, Fig. 4-10.

Control shaft, Waterbury speed gear, 29-31, 131, Fig. 2-18; assembly of, with tilt-box, 39-40.

Control stand for planes systems, 105, 107, 110, Figs. 5-1, 5-3, 5-4.

Control valve: on echo-ranging apparatus, 79; emergency, in steering system, 92-93, Figs. 4-14, 4-16; emergency, in stern plane system, 108, 109, Fig. 5-6; periscope, 69; rigging, 119, Fig. 5-14; rigging and tilting, Electric Boat Company submarines, 126; spool-type, 13-14, Fig. 1-22; for torpedo tube outer doors, 74-75, Figs. 3-41, 3-42

Cut-out valve: quick-throw, in power generating system, 54-55, Figs. 3-19, 3-20; quick throw, in steering system, 98, Fig. 4-23; for rigging or tilting, 128; in simple hydraulic system, 11, 12, Fig. 1-17.

Cylinder, hydraulic, of simple hydraulic system, 11, 12, Fig. 1-18.

Cylinder barrel, of Waterbury speed gear, 27, Fig. 2-15; reassembly of, to shaft and socket ring, 39; removal of shaft from, 36-37, Fig. 2-15.

Cylinder and planes assembly, bow plane, 117 118, Fig. 5-12.

Cylinder ram assemblies, 80, 94-96, Fig. 4-18.

Density of a fluid, 2-3, Fig. 1-1.

Depth and pressure, relation of, 4-5, Figs. 1-6, 1-7.

Description of steering system, 80-98.

Detecting and echo-ranging apparatus, 77-79, Fig. 3-44.

Differences: between Waterbury A-end and B-end, 23-24, 26-27, 33; between bow plane system on Electric Boat Company submarines and others, 126-130, Figs. 5-23, 5-24.

Disassembly: of IMO pump, 20; of Waterbury speed gear, 35-38; Figs. 2-23 to 2-30.

Distribution of oil pressure in echo-ranging apparatus, 79.

DIVE: bow plane tilting to, 123, Fig. 5-20; stern plane tilting to, 113-115.

Diving control stand, 105, 107, Figs. 5-1, 5-3, 5-4.

Down position of clutch, steering system, 93, 104, Fig. 4-17.

Drowned-type exhaust valve, main engine, 72-74, Figs. 3-38 to 3-40.

Earlier classes of submarines: bow plane system on, 124, 125; Waterbury B-end on, 33.

Echo-ranging and detecting apparatus, 77-79, Fig. 3-44.

Electric Boat Company submarines, bow plane system on, 126-130, Figs. 5-23, 5-24.

Electric power, use of, on submarines, 1.

Elimination of axial thrust, in IMO pump, 18-19.

EMERGENCY: plane systems on, 79, 105, 108, 113, 115; steering power on, 79, 80, 87, 91, 93, 102-104, Fig. 4,-26; vent control valve on, 59, 67, Fig. 3-34:

Emergency control valve: in steering system, 92-93, Figs. 4-14, 4-16; in stern plane system, 108, 109, Fig. 5-6.

Emergency steering and plane tilting systems, 79.

Emergency steering wheel, 93, 104, Figs. 4-15, 4-17.

Enclosed systems, behavior of liquids in, 5-8.

Equal transmission of pressure exerted on fluids, (Pascal's Law), 5-8, Fig. 1-9.

Error, factors of, in operation of Waterbury speed gear, 26-27.

Exhaust valve, main engine, drowned-type, 72-74, Figs. 3-38 to 3-40.

Expansion, thermal, of oil, 15, 98.

Factors of error in operation of Waterbury speed gear, 26-27.

Flood and vent control system, 57-67, Fig. 3-23.

Flood valve, 57-58, 59-61, 63-65, Figs. 3-23, 3-25, 3-26, 3-30, 3-31.

Force and pressure of liquids, 3-8, Fig. 1-8.

Forward windlass-and-capstan operation, 107, 123, 124, 130.

Friction, rise of oil temperature resulting from, 14.

Fuel ballast tanks, 57; valves for, 58, 59.

Functions of main hydraulic system, 41.

Gear pump, basic principle of, 10, Fig. 1-16.

Guide pins, IMO pump, 131.

Hand-driven telemotor pump, operation of Waterbury A-end as, 32-33.

Hand-operated reciprocating pump, 9-10, Fig. 1-15.

HAND operation: of outer doors, 77; of plane systems, 105, 108, 115; steering by, 80, 87, 89, 91, 93, 102, Fig. 4-25.

HAND position of vent control valve, 59, 66-67, Fig. 3-33.

Hand power, use of, on submarines, 1.

Hand rigging and tilting control valve, Electric Boat Company submarines, 126.

Hoist: periscope, 69-70, Figs. 3-23, 3-35, 3-36; vertical antenna, 69-70, Fig. 3-23.

Hydraulic-brake system on automobile, 8, Fig. 1-13.

Hydraulic cut-out valve in main hydraulic system, 54-55, Fig. 3-20.

Hydraulic cylinder, of simple hydraulic system, 11, 12, Fig. 1-18.

Hydraulic fluids, 10-11.

Hydraulic motors, 17.

Hydraulic power, sources of, 17-40.

Hydraulic pumps, basic principles of, 8-10, Figs. 1-14, 1-15.

Hydraulic systems: principles of, 11-16, Figs. 1-17, 1-20; in submarines: main, 41-79, Fig. 7-2; planes, 105-130, Fig. 7-3; steering, 80-104, Fig. 7-4.

Hydraulics: advantages of, 16; principles of, 1-16.

Ice machine oil, 131-132.

IMO Pump, 17-21, Figs. 2-1, 2-3, 2-4; in power generating system, 42-43; troubles, repairs, 131.

Incompressibility of liquids, 5.

Increase of force with area, 6-8, Fig. 1-11.

Individual guide pins, IMO pump, 131.

Instructions, for IMO pump: disassembly and reassembly, 20; maintenance, 20; operation, 19.

Instructions, service, for Waterbury speed gear, 35.

Interlocks: ready-to-fire, 77; rigging, 119, 120 121, Fig. 5-18; tilting, 119-120, Fig. 5-17.

Keys, Woodruff, 113.

Left RUDDER, 93.

Lever, pump control, on steering system, 89-90, Fig. 4-10.

Liquids in open containers, 2-5; in enclosed systems, 5-8.

Losses in power, causes and amounts of, and methods of compensating for, 15.

LOWER, position of periscope, 69.

Main ballast tanks, 57; valves for, 58,59.

Main cylinder assemblies, for steering, 80, 94-96, Fig. 4-18.

Main engine drowned-type exhaust valve, 72-74, Figs. 3-38 to 3-40.

Main hydraulic system, 16, 41-79; table of troubles, causes, and remedies for, 133-136; venting of, 132; see also Figs. 7-1, 7-2.

Main manifold, steering system, 84-87, Figs. 4-4 to 4-7.

Main shaft, of Waterbury speed gear, 25.

Main steering wheel, 88-89, Fig. 4-9.

Main supply and return manifolds on power generating system, 49-51, Figs. 3-11 to 3-13.

Main supply tank, in power generating system, 42-43, Figs, 3-2, 3-3.

Maintenance of IMO pump, 20.

Manifold: flood and vent control, 58-61, Figs. 3-24 to 3-26; main steering system, 84-87, Figs. 4-4 to 4-7; main supply and return, power generating system, 49-51, Figs. 3-11 to 3-13; vent and replenishing, 98, Fig. 4-22.

Mechanism for raising and lowering periscope, 69, Figs. 3-35, 3-36.

Mercury, specific gravity of, 3.

Motor, Waterbury B-end, 21, 23-24, 33-40, Figs. 2-7, 2-13, 2-14; in bow plane system, 119, Fig. 5-22.

Motor-driven pump, operation of Waterbury A-end as, 31-32.

Motors, hydraulic, 17.

Negative buoyancy, 57. Negative and safety tank 57 valves for, 58, 59, 60, Figs. 3-25, 3-26.

Neutral buoyancy, 57.

NEUTRAL position: of periscope, 69-70; rigging in, 119, 126, 128, Fig. 5-15; rigging and tilting control valve in, 126, 128.

Noisy operation of IMO pump, 19; use of, rubber in reducing, 53.

Nonreturn and bypass valves on power generating system, 52-54, Figs. 3-16 to 3-18.

Normal POWER steering, see POWER steering.

Normal power supply system for steering, 80-87.

Oil: desirability of, as a hydraulic fluid, 11; removing of, from Waterbury speed gear, 35; specific gravity of, 3; types used in hydraulic systems, 131-132.

Oil packing: for accumulator, 44, Fig. 3-6; for ram, 94, Figs. 4-19, 4-20.

Oil pressure, distribution of, in echo-ranging apparatus, 79.

Open containers, behavior of liquids in, 2-5.

OPEN position: of exhaust valve, 73, Fig. 3-40; of flood valve, 64-65, Fig. 3-31; of vent control valve, 59, 65-66, Fig. 3-29.

Operating gear: for vent valve, 61-63, Figs. 3-27, 3-28; for flood valve, 63-65, Figs. 3-30, 3-31.

Operating instructions for IMO pump, 19.

Operation: of accumulator, 43-49, Figs. 3-8, 3-9; of echo-ranging apparatus, 79, Fig. 3-44, of power-driven hydraulic system, 15-16, Fig. 1-20; of power generating system, 56-57; of simple hydraulic system, 12-13, Fig. 1-17; of steering system, 98-104, Figs. 4-24 to 4-26; of stern plane system, 113-115, Fig. 5-10; of Waterbury A-end, 22-23, 31-33, B-end, 33-35.

Outer door mechanism for torpedo tubes, 74-77, Fig. 3-43.

Overhaul of Waterbury speed gear, 35-40, Figs. 2-23 to 2-32.

Packing: for accumulator, 44, Figs. 3-6, 3-7; for IMO pump, 17-18, 131; for ram, 94, Figs. 4-19, 4-20.

Panel, control, for planes systems, 105, 107, 110, Figs. 5-1, 5-3, 5-4.

Pascal's Law, 5-8, Fig. 1-9.

Periscope and vertical antenna hoists, 69-70, Figs. 3-23, 3-35, 3-36.

Pilot valve on power generating system, 51-52, Figs. 3-14, 3-15.

Piston assembly, 27-29, Fig. 2-16; removing from socket ring, 37-38.

Piston-type control valve, 13-14, Fig. 1-22.

Plane systems: bow, 105, 107, 115-130, Figs. 5-11, 5-19, 5-20, 5-23, 5-24; stern, 105, 107-115, Figs. 5-2, 5-10.

Pneumatic power, use of, on submarines, 1,

Portsmouth bow plane system, differences of, from Electric Boat Company's, 126, 128.

Positive buoyancy, 57.

Power-driven hydraulic system, 13-16, Fig, 1-20.

Power: generating system, 42-57, Figs. 3-1, 7-1, 7-2; loss of, 15; sources of, 1-2, 17-40; supply, stern plane 110-111.

POWER: plane system operated on, 105, 108, 113; steering, 80, 87, 89, 91, 93 100, 102, Fig. 4-24.

Practical hydraulics on submarine, 16.

Pressure, and force, of liquids, 3-8, Fig. 1-8.

Pressure differential, explanation of, in power generating system, 47-48.

Pressure stroke, 12.

Principles of hydraulics, 1-16,

Pump: A-end, 21-33, 35, 39-40, 80, 110, 131, Figs. 2-6, 4-3, 5-22; IMO, 17-21, Figs. 2-1, 2-3, 2-4; principles of hydraulic, 8-10, Figs. 1-14, 1-15.

Quick-throw cut-out valve: main hydraulic system, 54, Fig. 3-19; steering system, 98, Fig. 4-23.

Races, care of, 131.

Radial and axial thrust roller bearings: care of, 131; removal of, 38, Fig. 2-30.

RAISE, position of periscope, 69-70, Figs. 3-35, 3-36.

Ram: steering system, 94-96, Fig. 4-18; stern plane, 111-112, Figs. 5-8, 5-9.

Ready-to-fire interlocks, 77.

Reassembly: of IMO pump, 20; of Waterbury speed gear, 38-40, Figs. 2-31, 2-32.

Reciprocating pump, principles of, 9-10, Fig. 1-15.

Relief valve, 14, Fig. 1-23; in power generating system, 48-49; in stern plane system, 111.

Relief-replenishing valves, care of, 131.

Remedies and causes of troubles: main hydraulic system, 133-136: steering system, 136-137.

Replenishing, by vent and surge tank, 97.

Replenishing, and vent, manifold, 98, Fig. 4-22.

Replenishing valve, of Waterbury speed gear, 31.

Reservoir (supply tank) of simple hydraulic system, 11, Fig. 1-17.

Return and supply manifolds on power generating system, 49-51, Figs, 3-11 to 3-13.

Revolving group, A-end, assembly of, to case, 40.

Rigging, bow plane, 115, 118-119, 120-124, 126, 128-130, Figs. 5-1, 5-14 to 5-16, 5-18, 5-19, 5-24.

RIGHT RUDDER, 93, 98, 100, 102, 104.

RISE, stern plane tilting to, 113-115, Fig. 5-10; bow plane tilting to, 123.

Roller bearing (axial and radial thrust): care of, 131; removal of, 38, Fig. 2-30.

Rotary gear pump, principle of, 10, Fig. 1-16:

Rotors, of IMO pump, 17-18, Fig. 2-2.

Rubber, use of in reduction of operational noise, 53.

Rudder assembly, 80, 96, Fig. 4-21.

Safety and negative tanks, 57; valves for 58, 59, 60, Figs. 3-25, 3-26.

Service instructions, for Waterbury speed gear, 35.

Service lines, forward and after, 71-79, Fig. 3-37.

Service troubles, 131-137.

Shaft, main, of Waterbury speed gear, 25; reassembly of with barrel and socket ring, 39; removal of, from barrel, 36-37, Fig. 2-15; removal of socket ring from, 37, Fig. 2-29.

Shaft group, B-end, assembly of, to case, 39.

Silbraz valve, 55-56, Fig. 3-21.

Simple hydraulic system, 11-13, Fig. 1-17.

Socket ring, Waterbury speed gear, 22, 25-27, 28,39; assembly of connecting rods to, 38-39; removal of piston assembly from, 37-38; removal of, from shaft, 37, Fig. 2-29.

Solenoid locking device, 128.

Sound head, 77, Fig. 3-44.

Sound isolation, 53.

Sources of power on submarine, 1-2; of hydraulic power, 17-40.

Specific gravity of a fluid, 3.

Speed gear, Waterbury, 21-40, Figs. 2-6, 2-7; see also A-end pump, B-end motor.

Spool-type control valve, 13-14, Fig. 1-22.

Stand: diving control, 105, 107, 110, Fig. 5-1; steering, 80, 87-94, Fig. 4-8.

Starting IMO pump, 19.

Steering system, 80-104, Figs. 4-1, 7-4; table of troubles, causes, and remedies, 136-137; venting of, 132-133.

Steering wheel: conning tower, 93-94, 104; emergency, 93, 104, Figs. 4-15, 4-17; main, 88-89, Fig. 4-9.

Stern plane system, 105, 107-115, Figs. 5-2, 5-10, 7-3.

Structural differences between Waterbury A-end and B-end, 23-24, 26-27, 33.

Suction, theory of, 10.

Suction stroke, 12.

Supply and return manifolds on power generating system, 49-51, Figs. 3-11 to 3-13.

Supply tank: power generating system, 42, 43, Figs. 3-2, 3-3; simple hydraulic system, 11, Fig. 1-17.

Surges, thermal expansion, 98.

Switches and contact makers in power generating system, 47, Fig. 3-10.

Systems, hydraulic, in submarines, 16, Fig. 7-1; main, 41-79, Fig. 7-2; planes, bow and stern, 105-130, Fig. 7-3; steering, 80-104, Fig. 7-4.

Table: of characteristics of power systems, 2; of troubles, causes, and repairs, main power and steering systems, 133-137.

Tank: buoyancy, 57-59; supply, 42, 43, Figs. 3-2, 3-3; vent and surge, 96-98.

Telemotor pump; A-end operated by hand as, 32-33; control lever of, 89-90, Fig. 4-10; in steering system, 88; in stern plane system, 107-108.

Temperatures, working, of hydraulic oils, 131-132.

Theory of hydraulics, 2-16.

Thermal expansion of oil, 15, 98.

Thrust and radial bearings, removal of, from Waterbury speed gear, 38, Fig. 2-30.

Tilt-box, 22, 29-31, 39-40, Figs. 2-8, 2-9, 2-19 to 2-22.

Tilting, planes system, 105, 113, 115, 117, 119-120, 123, 126, 128, 130, Figs. 5-17, 5-20, 5-23.

Trip, automatic, for periscope, 69-70.

Troubles, operational, 131-137.

Trunnion block, removal of, from Waterbury speed gear, 38.

Turbulence, rise of oil temperature resulting from, 14-15.

Unconfined liquids, behavior of, 2-5.

Units of hydraulic system: main, 41-79, Figs. 7-1, 7-2; power-driven, 13-14, Fig. 1-20; simple, 11-12, Fig. 1-17.

Up position of clutch, 93, 104, Fig. 4-15.

Valve plate, 29, Fig. 2-17; assembly of, 40, Fig. 2-31; removal of, 35-36.

Vent and flood control system, 57-67, Fig. 3-23.

Vent and replenishing manifold, 98, Fig. 4-22.

Venting: of hydraulic system's, 132-133; by vent and surge tank, 97.

Vertical antenna hoist, 69-70, Fig. 3-23.

Water: disadvantages of, as a hydraulic fluid, 10; specific gravity of, 3.

Waterbury speed gear, 21-40, Figs. 2-6, 2-7; see also A-end pump, B-end motor.

Weight and pressure of liquids, 4-8, Fig. 1-5.

Wheel, steering: conning tower, 93-94, 104; emergency, 93-104, Figs. 4-15, 4-17; main, 88-89, Fig. 4-9.

Windlass-and-capstan operation, 107, 123, 124, 130, Fig. 7-3.

Woodruff keys, 113.

Working temperatures of hydraulic oils, 132.