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PART IV

APPENDICES

4.1 Routine Tests

Routine tests are made on all engineering installations to insure against failure of the equipment. Standard instructions are always issued for each type of equipment and those concerned are responsible for seeing that tests are made when and as prescribed.

Accurate records of all inspections and tests must be kept. Accurate records of all failures and repairs must also be kept, including general remarks that will be helpful to anyone else who must work on the equipment later. There are logs, card indexes, and other records prescribed to cover these points.

Routine tests and inspections are made daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, and annually. In general, these inspections and tests are made:

Daily.-To test for proper operation and signs of future trouble. An experienced man can frequently anticipate failures by the slight changes noted during the daily tests of equipment. Daily checks are also of help in preventing the deterioration of idle equipment from lack of use.

Weekly.-To test more thoroughly for proper operation than is possible each day. On weekly tests, lubrication, motor speeds, cleanliness, and safety devices receive special attention.

Monthly.-To check the more inaccessible features. In some equipment, tubes are replaced monthly. Antennas are checked.

Quarterly.-To insure proper maintenance of major items such as tubes, armatures, antennas. Receiver sensitivity is measured so that the need for repair or realignment may be accurately determined.

Semi-Annually and Annually.-To determine the need for major repairs. The most inaccessible parts are checked and are given minor routine overhauls.

When inspecting and testing, the things to be checked on the various items of equipment are as follows:

RECEIVERS

Cleanliness
Mechanical Condition
  Connections, switches, etc.
Operation, on each band
  Sensitivity
  Selectivity
  Noise level
 

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TRANSMITTERS

Cleanliness Operation
Mechanical Condition   Frequency Stability
  Connections, switches, etc.   Keying
Oscillation   Normalcy of meter readings
  On all bands or crystals   Output to antenna

MOTOR GENERATORS

Cleanliness Operation
Lubrication   Voltage output
Mechanical condition   Sparking
  Vibration and noise   Overheating

DIRECTION FINDERS

Cleanliness Operation
Mechanical Condition   Sensitivity
  Including loop operation   Selectivity
Deviation changes, sense features   Noise level
    Balance

UNDERWATER SOUND

RECEIVER

Same as receivers Tuning
    To resonate with projector

RANGE INDICATOR

Cleanliness Safety Interlocks
Speed Mechanical condition

HOIST-TRAIN SYSTEM (including remote control)

Hoist-lower Limit switches
Training

DRIVER

Same as transmitters Tuning
Keying relay   To resonate with projector
Connect-disconnect relay

ANTENNAS

Cleanliness Mechanical condition
Resistance to ground   Insulators
Leakage, or concentric transmission lines   Wires, splices, shackles, etc.
    Lead-ins

Make all routine tests and inspections called for by the instructions. Keep accurately all required records.

 

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SPARE PARTS

Exact duplicate replacement spare parts and spare vacuum tubes are always furnished, so that anything that is likely to fail or wear out may be replaced quickly when this becomes necessary. Accurate records must be kept of the parts on hand and the place in which parts are stored.

Whenever a part or a tube is used, a replacement for it should always be ordered immediately.

4.2 Frequency Measurements and Calibration

Transmitters and receivers must be set on the assigned frequency accurately if continuous and reliable communications are to be maintained.

The frequency tolerances, that is, the amount of deviation from assigned frequencies that will be allowed, are prescribed by international treaty. As far as ships are concerned, these tolerances are:

Frequency Band: Percent assigned freq.
allowable error
10-550 kcs 0.1
550-1500 kcs (broadcast) 20 cycles
1500-4000 kcs 0.05
4-30 mc 0.02

Actually, frequencies can and should be maintained much nearer the assigned values than the figures given above indicate.

The frequency measuring equipment found aboard ship and elsewhere is based on the oscillations of a very accurate quartz crystal, usually operating at 100 kilocycles. Some form of heterodyne frequency meter and associated equipment is used with the crystal calibrator. In older equipment the basic units may be separate. In newer equipment all the parts are mounted in one cabinet.

Space does not permit a detailed description and explanation of the operation of the many equipments in use. The instruction book on each particular installation must be carefully studied before the equipment is used. There are minor differences between models.

In general, all frequency measuring devices used aboard ship are the same, containing a crystal controlled calibrator, a heterodyne frequency meter, a multivibrator, and a combination detector-amplifier. There will be a power supply and other miscellaneous parts, depending on the equipment.

When comparing frequencies, the heterodyne or beat method is used. In this method the standard signal and the one being measured are combined, and one of the two is varied until there is no frequency difference between them. This condition is known as "zero" beat. The term "zero beat" arises from the fact that as the frequencies are

 

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brought closer and closer together, the audible signal, or beat frequency, slowly passes to very low audio frequencies and then disappears when the two frequencies are identical.

The crystal oscillator is an accurately ground quartz bar having a natural frequency of vibration of 100 kcs. It also produces a wide range of harmonics of 100 kcs. It thus provides signals at fixed points in the frequency spectrum for calibration or measurement.

The heterodyne frequency meter is a variable oscillator to produce many frequencies. It is quite stable but must be calibrated with the more stable crystal and checked with it frequently.

The multivibrator produces signals that are very rich in harmonics. When controlled by the crystal, it furnishes many frequencies for calibration or checking. It further serves to split up the crystal frequencies, thus providing accurate signals every 10 or 20 kcs. to fill in between the points provided by the crystal.

Ordinarily, two methods may be used in comparing signals. The frequency meter output may be led into a receiver for combination with the signal being measured, or for calibration purposes.

The signal being measured may also be led into the amplifier-detector combination of the frequency meter and the comparison made in the meter.

The frequency meter instruction book should be studied most carefully. It is especially important to know how to interpolate accurately, that is, to find from the meter calibration curves or tables, the frequencies corresponding to settings between the basic settings of the meter.

Hasty, careless, or improper interpolation in using a frequency meter can nullify all the care taken to produce an accurate instrument. Poor interpolation may result in transmitters being set off frequency or receivers calibrated so inaccurately that they cannot be set on frequency from the calibration data.

CALIBRATION

Transmitters and receivers are calibrated so that they may be set on desired frequencies without the necessity of checking the settings with measuring equipment each time.

In calibrating, the settings of the controls of the equipment necessary to tune it accurately are recorded. If the necessary precautions are observed, the equipment may be tuned to the frequency by resetting the controls to the values obtained earlier.

Calibration may be general or specific. In general calibration, the settings for several frequencies spread over the range of the equipment are obtained. Curves are then plotted to include the several points obtained. By referring to the curves, settings may be read off for any frequency within the range.

 

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Since it takes time to read values accurately from the calibration curves, specific calibration is used for the frequencies required most often. In specific calibration the settings for a given frequency are recorded, and a list is made up of the commonly used frequencies with the settings for each of them.

It is desirable to have complete calibration curves on each piece of equipment as well as specific settings for the frequencies usually used.

In frequency measurements and comparisons, exactness and accuracy are relative. Even with the most elaborate, practical precautions, it is seldom possible to set and maintain a frequency measuring apparatus exactly accurate. To make sure that frequency meters are accurate, they must be compared frequently with a standard.

The standard frequencies, very accurately maintained, are transmitted regularly by WWV, the Bureau of Standards Station at Washington, D. C. The schedule of WWV transmissions is published from time to time. It may also be obtained from any Federal Communication Commission, Radio Inspectors Office.

If it seems desirable to have some particular frequency checked, arrangements may usually be made to have a check made by a nearby shore station. In some ports such as Baltimore, Md., and San Pedro, Calif., Federal Communications Commission monitoring stations may also be asked to check a frequency.

MISCELLANEOUS

It is impossible to build equipment that will not change frequency slightly, or "drift", as it warms up, although some modern equipment is remarkably stable in operation.

Consequently, when calibrating, care must be taken to let receivers warm up for at least an hour and preferably two hours before making measurements.

In transmitters there is frequently some provision for heating the critical oscillator circuits continuously so as to maintain frequency stability. These heating arrangements must be kept working as designed at all times if the exact frequencies desired are to be obtained.

It is possible for an extremely strong signal to drag or lock a weaker oscillator into step with it. Although this will seldom happen with the equipment supplied, it should not be overlooked.

Most frequency measurements are made by heterodyning two signals to zero beat, which means that just before the zero beat or dead point is reached, the beats are very low frequencies.

The human ear is not a particularly good indicator of very low frequencies. Consequently, care must be taken to be sure that actual zero beat has been reached, and not a point on one side of it.

 

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At low radio frequencies, the zero beating is complicated by the fact that a large movement of the tuning control is necessary to vary the signal. To overcome the uncertainty of the exact setting, sometimes a definite 500 or 1000 cycle audio oscillator is provided as an auxiliary. This auxiliary is used to allow tuning a definite amount on either side of the desired zero point. The two readings on either side are taken, and the midpoint gives the desired zero beat setting.

In checking frequencies and in calibration, as in so many other things, the basic principles must be understood, the instructions furnished must be studied, and thought must be given to each problem. The blind following of a set of rules will not inevitably produce the desired results.

4.3 Radio Direction Finders

Radio direction finder equipment differs from other equipment in that the antenna, or loop, is a critical element. This means that in addition to problems connected with the radio receiver and electrical equipment, there are also loop problems.

It is impracticable to go into the theory and detailed operation of direction finders here. It may be helpful, however, to discuss a few of the major points involved and some of the troubles that arise. In the following discussion, radio direction finder will be abbreviated DF.

The three factors affecting DF operation aboard ship are:

1. Excessive deviation, particularly as the frequency is increased, with the ultimate absence of any "minimum" or with all bearings reading approximately fore-and-aft.

2. Inability to obtain proper "balancer" action, especially at higher frequencies, with the resultant lack of a well defined minimum.

3. Difficulty in keeping the deviation constant, i. e., deviation changes between calibrations.

Deviation is defined as the difference between the observed radio bearing and the corrected radio bearing. There are several possible causes of deviation, the most important being voltages induced in the DF by near-by metallic objects, such as loops that have current flowing in them.

Ordinarily, deviation is quadrantal, that is, at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees relative to the ship's head, there will be points of zero deviation. The zero points will be exactly on these bearings and the deviation curve will be symmetrical only if the DF is so located that the ship is symmetrical around it. Ideally, this would require the DF to be amidships on the center line.

The wave on which a bearing is to be obtained strikes the ship, as well as the DF loop. The wave, in striking the ship, induces currents in the ship's structure that produce flux influencing the voltages generated in the DF loop.

 

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If, under such circumstances, the loop is trained to be normal, or perpendicular, to the incoming wave, there will still be a "residual" signal heard due to the induction from the ship's structure. If the DF loop is now moved off of the true wave direction enough to give a minimum signal, the number of degrees the loop is moved is the deviation.

Balancing, as described above, will never result in an absolute minimum because of the phase relations between the wanted and unwanted voltages in the loop;

A nondirectional vertical antenna is used to put a balancing voltage of proper phase into the DF so that a good minimum can be obtained. The amount and phase of the voltage required is adjusted by means of a "balancer" device in the DF receiver.

When the balancer settings are plotted they will usually be found to be semi-circular, instead of quadrantal like the deviation curves.

The vertical antenna also serves as a source of voltage to change the DF characteristics so that "sense" or unilateral bearings can be taken.

In considering breaking up existing closed loops in the ship's structure, it is well to remember that fore-and-aft loops may be helpful, while closed loops athwartships are most harmful.

Closed loops formed by stays, etc., not more than two DF loop diameters away from the loop, should be broken up by the insertion of insulating materials.

"Corrector wires" are installed to make complete loops of parts of the ship's structure or rigging. The area inclosed by the entire corrector loop is important; the length of the corrector wire is not.

In surveying an installation, if the maximum deviation at 300 kcs is 6 degrees or less, it is usually inadvisable to use a corrector wire. If the deviation is between 10 and 20 degrees, a corrector loop of 100 square feet should suffice. If deviation is between 20 and 40 degrees, about 150 to 200 square feet of corrector loop will be required.

The area under a corrector wire and in the corrector loop need not be clear of miscellaneous objects.

Ordinarily, the coupling of a corrector loop to the DF is determined by swinging ship and trying the effect of the loop for different corrector wire positions, until deviation is reduced to between 5 and 10 degrees. It is seldom desirable to eliminate deviation. More than one corrector loop may sometimes be required. The plane of the corrector loop must be fore-and-aft.

Corrector loops that are small and tightly coupled to the DF loop are apt to reduce DF sensitivity.

Perfect, low-resistance connections must be made and maintained at both ends of each corrector wire. Also, the wire must not be allowed to sag, sway, or move or the calibration and deviation will vary erratically.

 

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DIRECTION FINDER TROUBLES

It is most important to examine the ship structures, and rigging carefully before attempting to calibrate a DF, to make certain that all objects, especially those near the DF, are secured in place.

When DF bearings become erratic, the first thing to look for is a change that has been made in the structure, rigging, or stowage of material near the loop. A new receiving antenna, for example, incautiously erected less than about 100 feet from the loop, will upset the calibration markedly.

Ideally, all antennas should be open when the DF is being calibrated and whenever it is used, but practically this is not feasible. Receiving antennas and high frequency antennas are normally closed during calibration and low frequency antennas are opened. The conditions during calibration must be duplicated whenever the DF is used.

There are at least two sources of DF bearing error, or difficulty in taking bearings, that are beyond control. These are known as "night effect" and "coastal effect".

Theoretically, and actually during daylight, it is ordinarily true that bearings are taken on a "ground" wave. At night, when refraction or reflection from the ionosphere increases, the resulting "sky" wave may combine with the "ground" wave to produce erratic or erroneous bearings, cause fading signals, etc. This resultant effect is generally known as "night effect". It is most disturbing during the periods from about 1 hour before to 1 hour after sunrise and sunset.

Night effect is not inevitable every day and on every frequency. It must not be confused with operator errors or carelessness, or upkeep and maintenance failures.

If the ground wave being used has to travel overland for some distance before it passes over water, there may be a bending of the wave at the land-water boundary. The effect is especially noticeable when the angle between the wave and the coast line is small. The error in bearing resulting from this bending action is known as "coastal effect".

DF receivers are subject to all the troubles of any receiver. In addition, they are also subject to difficulties arising from poor or loose connections around the loop input and balancer circuits.

The table given below gives a few of the troubles peculiar to DF equipment.

SymptomProcedure or cause
Erratic bearings1. Operator's mistake.
2. Crane, boom, davit, or railing moved.
3. DF loop or scale loose and shifting.
4. Night effect.
 

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Symptom Procedure or cause
Bearings of all stations the same 1. Check loop for continuity.
2. Check lead-in, grounds, screening, and loop tuning condenser.
3. Check antennas for one closed.
All bearings displaced a constant amount. 1. Check DF azimuth circle.
2. Check gyro repeater.
Bearings incorrect on certain frequencies: when signals are strong; or intermittent. 1. Check circuit from loop to receiver, especially the collector rings.
2. Poor ground connection.
3. Nearby closed antenna or other conductor.
4. Loops formed by rigging conducting only when wet.
5. Night effect.
Minima not 180 degrees apart. 1. Antenna effect due to pickup not through loop. Check all other possible sources of signal.
2. Check loop center ground, if any.
3. Nearby antenna resonant.
Indefinite minimum, lack of balance. 1. Wrong size vertical antenna.
2. High resistance balancer or vertical antenna circuit.
3. Direct receiver pickup, check shielding.
4. Receiver not properly balanced or tuned.
5. Poor loop ground, or other high resistance contact in input circuits.
Loop shorted 1. Moisture formed by condensation in loop housing or pedestal on collector rings.
2. Aluminum oxide from assembly has fallen on collectors.
3. Mechanically shorted lead.
Weak signal 1. Bad tubes.
2. Defective receiver.
3. Collector loop coupled too tightly.
4. Loop housing insulator painted over.

Direction finders frequently do not operate well aboard ship and, unfortunately, each ship presents a separate problem. All information that can be obtained on direction finders and direction finder problems should be carefully studied whenever the opportunity arises.

Even today, the solutions to all direction finder problems are not known.

 

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4.41 Conversion Table

Multiply By To get
Amperes 1,000,000,000,000 Micromicroamperes.
Amperes 1,000,000 Microamperes.
Amperes 1,000 Milliamperes.
Cycles 0.000,001 Megacycles.
Cycles 0.001 Kilocycles.
Farads 1,000,000,000,000 Micromicrofarads.
Farads 1,000,000 Microfarads.
Farads 1,000 Millifarads.
Henrys 1,000,000 Microhenrys.
Henrys 1,000 Millihenrys.
Kilocycles 1,000 Cycles.
Kilovolts 1,000 Volts.
Kilowatts 1,000 Watts.
Megacycles 1,000,000 Cycles.
Mhos 1,000,000 Micromhos.
Mhos 1,000 Millimhos.
Microamperes 0.000,001 Amperes.
Microfarads 0.000,001 Farads.
Microhenrys 0.000,001 Henrys.
Micromhos 0.000,001 Mhos.
Micro-ohms 0.000,001 Ohms.
Microvolts 0.000,001 Volts.
Microwatts 0.000,001 Watts.
Micromicrofarads 0.000,000,000,001 Farads.
Micromicro-ohms 0.000,000,000,001 Ohms.
Milliamperes 0.001 Amperes.
Millihenrys 0.001 Henrys.
Millimhos 0.001 Mhos.
Milliohms 0.001 Ohms.
Millivolts 0.001 Volts.
Milliwatts 0.001 Watts.
Ohms 1,000,000,000,000 Micromicro-ohms.
Ohms 1,000,000 Micro-ohms.
Ohms 1,000 Milliohms.
Volts 1,000,000 Microvolts.
Volts 1,000 Millivolts.
Watts 1,000,000 Microwatts.
Watts 1,000 Milliwatts.
Watts 0.001 Kilowatts.
 

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4.42 Decibels

In radio and electrical problems it is frequently necessary to know the circuit gain, loss, or other ratios. For such purposes the most convenient unit to use is the decibel, which is abbreviated db.

Most communication circuits and devices may be considered as electrical networks having two input and two output terminals. The ratio of output power to input power, usually expressed in decibels, is a measure of how the device affects the transmission of energy through itself.

The formula for this ratio in decibels is:

Ndb = 10 log10 P1/P2

P1 = power output. P2 = power input.

When we are interested in voltage or current ratios, we can find the number of decibels by the formulas:

Ndb = 20 log10 I1/I2
Ndb = 20 log10 E1/E2

E1 and I1 are outputs. E2 and I2 are inputs.

The formulas for voltage and current ratio assume that the input and output impedances are equal. If the impedances are not equal, it is more convenient to compute the equivalent power from the voltage or current and the corresponding impedance, and then convert the power ratio obtained into decibels.

If the ratio of output to input power is greater than 1, there is a gain in the device. If the ratio is less than 1, there is a loss. Gains are expressed in plus db and losses in minus db. Since the decibel is a logarithmic unit, the gains and losses in a complicated circuit can be added algebraically to determine the over-all effect of the circuit.

It is useful to remember a few facts about decibels. For example, a change of 3 db just about doubles or halves the power being measured. Also, 0 db means no change, 10 db equals 10 times, 20 db equals 100 times, 30 db equals 1000 times the power, and so on.

It must be remembered that, unless a ratio only is involved, decibels have no real meaning. For example, it is meaningless to say that an output signal is plus 10 decibels, because no standard reference level is specified. With a standard level of 6 mw, the plus 10 db signal becomes intelligible and is equal to 60 mw.

510493-43-12

 

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DECIBELS

Minus (-) db Plus (+)
Voltage
ratio
Power
ratio
Voltage
ratio
Power
ratio
1.0000 1.0000 0 1.000 1.000
.9441 .8913 .5 1.059 1.122
.8913 .7943 1.0 1.122 1.259
.8414 .7079 1.5 1.189 1.413
.7943 .6310 2.0 1.259 1.585
.7499 .5623 2.5 1.334 1.778
.7079 .5012 3.0 1.413 1.995
.6683 .4467 3.5 1.496 2.239
.6310 .3981 4.0 1.585 2.512
.5957 .3548 4.5 1.679 2.818
.5623 .3162 5.0 1.778 3.162
.5309 .2818 5.5 1.884 3.548
.5012 .2512 6.0 1.995 3.981
.4732 .2239 6.5 2.113 4.467
.4467 .1995 7.0 2.239 5.012
.4217 .1778 7.5 2.371 5.623
.3981 .1585 8.0 2.512 6.310
.3758 .1413 8.5 2.661 7.079
.3548 .1259 9.0 2.818 7.943
.3350 .1122 9.5 2.985 8.913
.3162 .1000 10.0 3.162 10.000
.2985 .08913 10.5 3.350 11.22
.2818 .07943 11.0 3.548 12.59
.2661 .07079 11.5 3.758 14.13
.2512 .06310 12.0 3.981 15.85
.2371 .05623 12.5 4.217 17.78
.2239 .05012 13.0 4.467 19.95
.2113 .04467 13.5 4.732 22.39
.1995 .03981 14.0 5.012 25.12
.1884 .03548 14.5 5.309 28.18
.1778 .03162 15.0 5.623 31.62
.1679 .02818 15.5 5.957 35.48
.1585 .02512 16.0 6.310 39.81
.1496 .02239 16.5 6.683 44.67
.1413 .01995 17.0 7.079 50.12
.1334 .01778 17.5 7.499 56.23
.1259 .01585 18.0 7.943 63.10
.1189 .01413 18.5 8.414 70.79
.1122 .01259 19.0 8.913 79.43
.1059 .01122 19.5 9.441 89.13
.1000 .01000 20.0 10.000 100.00
 

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4.43 Copper Wire Table

A mil is /1000 (one thousandth) of an inch.

Gauge No. B. & S. Diameter
in mils
Circular
mil area
Ohms per
1,000 ft. 25° C.
Current
capacity
at 1500 C. M.
per amp.
1 289.3 83690 0.1264 55.7
2 257.6 66370 .1593 44.1
3 229.4 52640 .2009 35.0
4 204.3 41740 .2533 27.7
5 181.9 33100 .3195 22 0
6 162.0 26250 .4028 17.5
7 144.3 20820 .5080 13.8
8 128.5 16510 .6405 11.0
9 114.4 13090 .8077 8.7
10 101.9 10380 1.018 6.9
11 90.74 8234 1.284 5.5
12 80.81 6530 1.619 4.4
13 71.96 5178 2.042 3.5
14 64.08 4107 2.575 2.7
15 57.07 3257 3.247 2.2
16 50.82 2583 4.094 1.7
17 45.26 2048 5.163 1.3
18 40.30 1624 6.510 1.1
19 35.89 1288 8.210 .86
20 31.96 1022 10.35 .68
21 28.46 810.1 13.05 .54
22 25.35 642.4 16.46 .43
23 22.57 509.5 20.76 .34
24 20.10 404.0 26.17 .27
26 15.94 254.1 41.62 .17
28 12.64 159.8 66.17 .11
30 10.03 100.5 105.2 .067

4.44 Fractional-Decimal Equivalents

1/64 0.0165 7/16 0.4375
1/32 .0312 1/2 .500
3/64 .0468 9/16 .5625
1/16 .0625 5/8 .625
3/32 .0936 11/16 .6825
1/8 .125 34 .750
3/16 .1875 13/16 .8125
1/4 .250 7/8 .875
5/16 .3125 15/16 .9375
3/8 .3750
 

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4.45 Drill Sizes

Drill No. Diameter
(in.)
Clears
screws
Correct for
tapping steel
or brass **
1 0.228    
2 .221 12-24  
3 .213   14-24
4 .209 12-20  
5 .205    
6 .204    
7 .201    
8 .199    
9 .196    
10* .193 10-32  
11 .191 10-24  
12* 189    
13 .185    
14 .182    
15 .180    
16 .177    
17 .173    
18* .169 8-32  
19 .166   12-20
20 .161    
21* .159   10-32
22 .157    
23 .154    
24 .152    
25* .149   10-24
26 .147    
27 .144    
28* .140 6-32  
29* .136   8-32
30 .128    
31 .120    
32 .116    
33* .113 4-36,4-40  
34 .111    
35* .110   6-32
36 .106    
37 .104    
38 .102    
39* .100 3-48  
40 .098    
41 .096    
42* .093   4-36,4-40
43 .089 2-56  
44 .086    
45* .082   3-48

** Use next larger size drill for tapping bakelite and other plastics or composition materials.

* Sizes most commonly used in radio construction.

 

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4.46 RESISTOR WATTAGE CHART

Reistor Wattage Chart

4.47 Formulae

Resistances in series:

Total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

Series resistors

 

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Resistances in parallel:

Resistance in parallel

Two resistances in parallel:

Total resistance= (R1)(R2) / (R1 + R2)

Equal resistances in parallel:

Total resistance = (R of one resistor) / (number of resistors)

Capacitors in parallel:

Total capacity = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5

Capacitors in parallel.

Capacitors in series:

Capacitors in series.

Two Capacitors in series:

C = (C1)(C2) / (C1+C2)

Inductive reactance:

XL ohms= (2π) (frequency in cycles) (L in henries)
 

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Capacity reactance:

reactance

Series impedance (equivalent):

Series impedance.

Parallel impedance (equivalent):

Parallel impedance

Circuit resonant frequency:

Circuit resonant frequency.

Frequency to wave length:

Wave length in meters = 300,000 / freq. in kcs.

Wave length to frequency:

Frequency in kilocycles = 300 / wave length in meters

USEFUL FORMULAE

E=IR Ohm's Law:
E = volts
R = resistance in ohms
I = current in amperes

I = E/R  R = E/I  E = IR

Power:

P=EI P = power in watts
P = EI E = P/I I = P/E
P = I2R I = sqrt(P/R) R = P/I2
E = sqrt(PR) P = E2/R R = E2/P
 

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RMA Color Code for Tranformers

 

179
 

Power Transformer Color Code

 

180
 

4.6 Vacuum Tube Data

TUBE DESIGNATIONS

Originally, vacuum tubes were numbered as they were developed, and many numbered tubes are still in use, such as the 45, 76, 80, etc. Since such designations give no clue as to the type of tube or its characteristics, other methods have been adopted.

For receiving tubes, a fairly standard system is in effect. This system involves a number, one or two letters, a number, and sometimes added letters. The first number gives the filament or heater voltage to the nearest volt. The following letter gives the general class of the tube, with the letters at the beginning of the alphabet used for amplifiers and detectors, and those at the end of the alphabet for rectifiers. After the alphabet was exhausted, double letters came into use, on the same general system. The second number indicates the number of elements in the tube.

Thus a 2A3 is an amplifier with 2.5 volt filament, with three elements, a plate, grid, and filament. A 25Z5 is a rectifier with 25 volt heater and five elements.

The added letters indicate various other features. Thus the 6L6-G is a glass tube of type 6L6 with an octal base.

Older tubes have 4, 5, 6, or 7 base pins or prongs. Most modern tubes have octal bases, that is, eight prongs surrounding a central guide or key. Loktal tubes and new miniature tubes have special bases with the pins sealed into glass.

Transmitting and other power tubes are not as well standardized in designation as receiving tubes. Generally speaking, all transmitting tubes are numbered in the 800 to 900 range. Tubes in the 900 to 1,000 range may be cathode ray, television, or "acorn" types. Tubes in the 1,600 series are specially designed to eliminate microphonic noise.

The general systems described above are now used by almost everyone making or using vacuum tubes.

 

181
 

CROSS INDEX

Old and New Tube Type Numbers

New Old Base* New Old Base*
01-A 38001 4D 41 38041 6B
1B4-P 38032A 4M 42 38042 6B
1c6 38236 6L 45 38045 4D
1E7-G 38717E G-80 47 38047 5B
2A3 38213 4D 50 38050 4D
2A5 38215 6B 53 38053 7B
2B7 38227 7D 56 38056 5A
5Z3 38593 4C 57 38057 6F
6A6 38616 7B 58 38058 6F
6A7 38617 70 59 38059 7T
6B7 38627 7D 71-A 38071 4D
6C6 38636 6F 75 38075 6G
6D6 38646 6F 76 38076 5A
6E5 38655 6R 77 38077 6F
6F7 38667 7E 78 38078 6F
6F8-G 38768F G-8G 80 38180 4C
6H6 38566H 7Q 81 38181 4B
6J5 38565J 6Q 82 38182 4C
6J5-G 38765J *G-6Q 83 38183 4C
6K7 38567K 7R 84 38184 7S
6K8 38568K 8K 85 38085 6G
6R7 38567R 717 89 38089 6F
6Y6-G 38766Y G-7AC 112-A 38012 4D
10 38110 4D 203-A 38103 M
19 38019 6C 204-A 38104 Q
22 38022 4K 206 38106  
24-A 38024 5E 207 38107  
25Z5 38255 6E 211 38211 M
27 38027 5A 214 38114  
3038030 4D 217-C 38117  
31 38031 4D 218 38118  
32 38032 4K 219 38119  
33 38033 5K 801 38101 C
34 38034 4M 803 38803 L
35 38035 5E 807 38807 H
36 38036 5E 808 38808 E
37 38037 5A 814 38814 J
38 38038 5F 833 38833 T
39 38039 5F 836 38266A A
40 38040 4D 837 38837 G

*Refers to tube base diagrams on following pages.

 

182
 

Old and New Tube Type Numbers-Continued

New Old Base* New cad Base*
838 38138 M 954 38954 A7
842 38842 C 955 38955 B7
843 38143 D 956 38956 A7
845 38145 M 958 38958 C7
846 38146   959 38959 D7
849 38149 Q 1616 38267 B4
850 38150 O 1853 38853 8N
851 38151 Q 38015 38015  
852 38152 E 38111A 38111A  
857-B 38157B   38112 38112  
858 38158  38116 38116  
860 38160 U 38120 38120  
861 38161 S 38142 38142  
862 38162   38205 38205  
864 38064 C 38217 38217  
865 38165 I 38222 38222  
866-A 38166A A 38233 38233
868 38268   38250 38250  
869-A 38169   38278 38278  
870 38170   38282 38282  
871 38171 A 38401 38401  
872-A 38172A P 38402 38402  
874 38274 4S 38403 38403  
876 38276   38412 38412  
884 38884 6Q 38674 38674  
886 38286 X 38674A 38674A  
893 38192   38897 38897  
 

183
 

Receiving Tubes (bottom view)

 

184
 

Receiving Tubes (bottom view)

 

185
 

Transmitting Tubes (Bottom View)

 

186
 

Transmitting Tubes Bottom View

MEMORANDUM

The following publications contain additional information of value:

Manual of Engineering Instructions. (New Title: Bureau of Ships Manual)
Chapters on Interior Communications, Motors and Generators, Radio, Sound and Radio Direction Finders:

Radio and Sound Bulletins, Bureau of Ships.
Bureau of Ships (Engineering) Circular Letters.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1943

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